rashidun caliphate timeline

However, soon the environment was considered harsh, and Umar ordered the resettlement of the 40,000 settlers to Kufa. Likewise, their succession was not hereditary, something that would become the custom after them, beginning with the subsequent Umayyad Caliphate. As all money was distributed immediately, the treasury generally remained locked up; at the time of Abu Bakr's death, there was only one dirham in the public treasury. In order to provide adequate and speedy justice for the people, justice was administered according to the principles of Islam. [21], Abu Bakr was near-universally accepted as head of the Muslim community (under the title of Caliph) as a result of Saqifah, though he did face contention as a result of the rushed nature of the event. After resting his armies, Khalid moved in June 633 towards Al Anbar, which resisted and was defeated, and eventually surrendered after a siege of a few weeks in July 633. [41] Khalid's mobile guard defeated the Christian Arab auxiliaries of the Roman army in a skirmish. Some secular scholars have questioned the traditional view of the Rashidun. Apostasy spread to every tribe in the Arabian Peninsula with the exception of the people in Mecca and Medina, the Banu Thaqif in Ta'if and the Bani Abdul Qais of Oman. [citation needed], Once the rebellions had been put down, Abu Bakr began a war of conquest. First he would have to subdue the Arabian tribes which had claimed that although they pledged allegiance to Muhammad and accepted Islam, they owed nothing to Abu Bakr. At that meeting, Abu Bakr was elected caliph by the Muslim community. [citation needed]. However, soon the environment was considered harsh, and Umar ordered the resettlement of the 40,000 settlers to Kufa. Sunnis have long viewed the period of the Rashidun as exemplary and a system of governance—based upon Islamic righteousness and merit—they seek to emulate. These first four caliphs were called "rightly guided" because they were all companions of the Prophet Muhammad and learned the ways of Islam directly from Muhammad. He prevented the recently converted Muslims from dispersing, kept the community united, and consolidated Islamic grip on the region by containing the Ridda, while extending the Dar Al Islam all the way to the Red Sea. The Rashidun army, under the command of Umar's appointed general Nu'man ibn Muqarrin al-Muzani, attacked and again defeated the Persian forces. During his reign, Abu Bakr established the Bayt al-Mal (state treasury). Abu Huraira, the Governor of Bahrain, sent his revenue to Umar, amounting to five hundred thousand dirhams. The Rashidun were either elected by a council (see the election of Uthman and Islamic democracy) or chosen based on the wishes of their predecessor. During the reign of Umar, there were restrictions on the construction of palatial buildings by the rich and elites—symbolic of the egalitarian society of Islam, where all were equal—although the restrictions were later revoked by Uthman because of the rise in the overall standard of living, and the construction of two-story buildings was permitted. It is well known that, during a time of drought during the Rashidun caliphate, capital punishments were suspended until the effects of the drought passed. The purpose of the canal was to facilitate the transport of grain to Arabia through a sea-route, hitherto transported only by land. A separate building was constructed for the royal treasury, the bait ul maal, which, in large cities, was protected by as many as 400 guards. Damascus, the Byzantine stronghold, was conquered shortly after on 19 September 634. The Muslims proclaimed it the Victory of Victories (Fath alfotuh), as it marked the End of the Sasanians, shattering the last strongest Sasanian army. [18], In the immediate aftermath of the death of Muhammad, a gathering of the Ansar (natives of Medina) took place in the Saqifah (courtyard) of the Banu Sa'ida clan. It was taken from the Muslims in the amount of 2.5% of their dormant wealth (viz., that over a certain amount unused for a year) to give to the poor. Arts & Culture Technical Data [citation needed] Also, coastal Sicily was raided in 652. Uthman also reformed the city's police departments. This is usually when the rulers are not meeting public responsibilities obliged upon them under Islam. See also: Umayyad, Byzantium, Sassanids, Abbasid. Al-Juwayni argued that Islam is the goal of the ummah, so any ruler that deviates from this goal must be impeached. You have better technology and a better army. After apprehending a breach of the treaty, the Arabs re-invaded the island in 654 with five hundred ships. Upon the conquest of Alexandria, the Muslims returned and settled in the same area. Before Umar died, he appointed a committee of six men to decide on the next caliph, and charged them with choosing one of their own numbers. Here one may ally Albania, and after the war making it a vassal. The taxes (including zakāt and jizya) collected in the treasury of an Islamic government were used to provide income for the needy, including the poor, elderly, orphans, widows, and the disabled. After this, no serious effort was made by the Byzantines to regain possession of the country. Spread the Faith +3.0% Missionary Strength So you have to focus on south countries where you concentrate all your navy limit. It is well known that, during a time of drought during the Rashidun caliphate, capital punishments were suspended until the effects of the drought passed. Abu Ubaida and Khalid ibn Walid, after conquering all of northern Syria, moved north towards Anatolia taking the fort of Azaz to clear the flank and rear of Byzantine troops. Umar and Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah pledged their loyalty to Abu Bakr, with the Ansar and the Quraysh soon following suit. [55], According to Noah Feldman, a law professor at Harvard University, the legal scholars and jurists who once upheld the rule of law were replaced by a law governed by the state due to the codification of Sharia by the Ottoman Empire in the early 19th century.[56]. Talha and Zubair and some others then performed Bayʿah (Arabic: بَـيْـعَـة‎, Oath of allegiance, literally a “sale” or “commercial transaction”) at Ali’s hand, followed by a general Bayʿah on 25th of Dhil-Hijjah, 656 CE. Country Development [16], Civil welfare in Islam started in the form of the construction and purchase of wells. Council decision or caliph’s choice determined the successor originally. Sunni Islamic lawyers have commented on when it is permissible to disobey, impeach or remove rulers in the Caliphate. This term is not widely used in Shia Islamas Shia Muslims do not consider the rule of the first … It was taken from the Muslims in the amount of 2.5% of their dormant wealth (viz., that over a certain amount unused for a year) to give to the poor. Abu Bakr was succeeded by Umar, his appointed successor from the Banu Adi clan, who continued the conquest of Persia, eventually leading to the fall of the Sasanian Empire in 651. They also possessed spears and daggers. In 647 Muawiyah, the governor of Syria, sent an expedition against Anatolia, invading Cappadocia and sacking Caesarea Mazaca. Al-Asqalani used two ayahs from the Qur'an to justify this: And they (the sinners on qiyama) will say, "Our Lord! Today, battles continue between the different branches of Muslims. Walid bin Hisham suggested that, like the Byzantines, separate departments of treasury and accounts should be set up. All and only those persons whose annual wealth exceeded a minimum level (nisab) were collected from. Sunni Uthman is perhaps best known for forming the committee which was tasked with producing copies of the Quran based on text that had been gathered separately on parchment, bones and rocks during the lifetime of Muhammad and also on a copy of the Quran that had been collated by Abu Bakr and left with Muhammad's widow after Abu Bakr's death. The Muslim army pulled out of Nubia with nothing to show for it. [citation needed]. The cavalry was the army's main strike force and also served as a strategic mobile reserve. The city surrendered to Khalid, and soon after, Abu Ubaidah arrived in June 637. Umar expanded the treasury and established a government building to administer the state finances. [23] Abu Bakr later sent Umar to confront Ali to gain his allegiance, resulting in an altercation which may have involved violence. Finally, Umar pressed forward, which eventually resulted in the wholesale conquest of the Sasanian Empire.

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