He was also concerned with mental and physical health and preferred a vegetarian diet and extensive walks. The heart and center of Thoreau’s economic thought was in the principle of self-sufficiency, that is, “I could avoid all trade and barter, so far as my food was concerned, and having a shelter already, it would only remain to get clothing and fuel.”, In building his cabin at Walden Pond for a total of $28.12 1/2, Thoreau gave us the most consistent application of his self-sufficiency principle–Shelter as a necessity of life. Accessed October 24, 2020. https://www.coursehero.com/lit/Walden-Two/. Starting with such a point of view, Thoreau developed his thesis that nineteenth-century economic development actually meant a degradation in economic and social terms on the theme of Shelter: “While civilization has been improving our houses, it has not equally improved the men who are to inhabit them. CliffsNotes study guides are written by real teachers and professors, so no matter what you're studying, CliffsNotes can ease your homework headaches and help you score high on exams.

Read expert analysis on Walden Economy at Owl Eyes. . Summary and Analysis.

Vitality and the ability to change are bound up with perception throughout Walden.

And if the civilized man’s pursuits are no worthier than the savage’s, if he is employed the greater part of his life in obtaining gross necessaries and comforts merely, why should he have a better dwelling than the former?”34. In the master and slave relationship, both north and south, economic factors determined the degradation of man. He adds, "Let this be righted, let the spring come to him, the morning rise over his couch, and he will forsake his generous companions without apology." His life validates the narrator's work and confers the right to advise others. However, Thoreau’s attempt at Walden Pond did not give a final conclusion. Thus the Irish railroad workers had turned into “sound sleepers”39 under the rails was no accident, but stood in the natural order of things: “Men have an indistinct notion that if they keep up this activity of joint stocks and spades long enough all will at length ride somewhere, in next to no time, and for nothing; but though a crowd rushes to the depot, and the conductor shouts “All aboard!” when the smoke is blown away and the vapor condensed, it will be perceived that a few are riding, but the rest are run over- and it will be called, and will be, “A melancholy accident”.”40. This perfect turning of the tables on materialism underscores that Thoreau's equation of the simple life with the spiritual quest is more subtle than a straightforward correspondence of the two. In the chapter "The Ponds," Thoreau suggests integration of nature as reality and nature as symbol. 7. Why, here is Walden, the same woodland lake that I discovered so many years ago; where a forest was cut down last winter another is springing up by its shore as lustily as ever; the same thought is welling up to its surface that was then; it is the same liquid joy and happiness to itself and its Maker, ay, and it may be to me.

17. ibid, page 37 53. ibid, page 5

And yet, throughout the book, he repeatedly uses objects and creatures in the natural world — Walden Pond, his bean-field, and the loon, among others — metaphorically.

. . Institutions — church, the marketplace, government, the political arena — impose their own values and curtail the individual's freedom to think independently. Both Bronson Alcott and W. E. Channing claimed to have lent Thoreau the axe. Course Hero, Inc. As a reminder, you may only use Course Hero content for your own personal use and may not copy, distribute, or otherwise exploit it for any other purpose. Learn how the author incorporated them and why.

His position in society determined his social consciousness.

."

Starting with such a point of view, Thoreau developed his thesis that nineteenth-century, “While civilization has been improving our houses, it has not equally improved the men who are to inhabit them. In Walden, Thoreau exalts the change required for individual spiritualization. It gave him insight into the reality covered by the seemingly economic progression of the nineteenth-century civilization. Physical and intellectual independence from narrowing influences protect the individual's ability to make the spiritual journey. The story of the artist of Kouroo, who aspired to perfection and, in the process of single-mindedly achieving it, transcended time and mortality, provides another. His economic man did not have any obligation to family and society. . 3. The man who minds his own business — tends to his own spiritual health — is the true reformer of society.

Nevertheless, Thoreau’s economic theory in, 1.

. This system awards those with favorable duties the joy of the work itself as part of the compensation. To get his shoestrings he speculates in herds of cattle.

Thoreau underscores this coexistence of animal and higher qualities in "Solitude," in which he describes man as simultaneously a physical entity and as an intellectual spectator within his own body. The individual alone is capable of meaningful, far-reaching change. His major concern with the divorce of “what is” and “ought to be,” the actual and the ideal in philosophy, expressed itself more and more in economic terms. Society, institutions, and the traditions of the past — expressions of the status quo — constitute the major hindrances to change throughout Walden. The village is full of shops that beckon to the passerby, but their materialistic appeal distracts a man from the pursuit of nature and spirit. 59. ibid, page 23 5.

His experiment in simplicity is but a means to the end of self-realization and spiritualization — not the end itself.

Thus I caught two fishes as it were with one hook. That is “a basic unity of vision, purpose and method.”6 The first assumption in Thoreau’s philosophy was that economic life had to be reduced to its bare essentials: “Most of the luxuries, and many of the so-called comforts of life, are not only not indispensable, but positive hindrances to the elevation of mankind.”7.

In "Economy," Thoreau compares primitive and civilized life: "[T]his points to an important distinction between the civilized man and the savage .

In "Economy," the train — regarded by most as progress — transports the products of trade and commerce, metaphorically running over most of those who rush to board it. It seemed as if I might next cast my line upward into the air, as well as downward into this element which was scarcely more dense. 57. ibid, page 26

The regulation of industry deprived him of his totality as a human being, “he has no time to be anything but a machine.”, Who knows but if men constructed their dwellings with their own hands, and provided food for themselves and families simply and honestly enough, the poetic faculty would be universally developed, as birds universally sing when they are so engaged?… Where is this division of labor to end?

Furthermore, he overlooked the fact that the worker was not a philosopher. No doubt another may also think for me; but it is not therefore desirable that he should do so to the exclusion of my thinking for myself.”, In a larger perspective of Thoreau’s thought, his economic and social criticism of nineteenth-century civilization revolved around one question–the alienation of man in all its forms.

In solitude, there is a sufficiency of companionship in self and nature, and the possibility of spiritual understanding.

The individual's awareness of self, of nature, and of higher purpose provides the key to surpassing animal nature. Thus the Irish railroad workers had turned into “sound sleepers”, “Men have an indistinct notion that if they keep up this activity of joint stocks and spades long enough all will at length ride somewhere, in next to no time, and for nothing; but though a crowd rushes to the depot, and the conductor shouts “All aboard!” when the smoke is blown away and the vapor condensed, it will be perceived that a few are riding, but the rest are run over- and it will be called, and will be, “A melancholy accident”.”, In this connection, Thoreau believed that the form of social classes at his time was directly related to the economic development in the society. He recognized that “a comparatively free country”35 had its rising demand for cheap labor force.

." The northern capitalism benefited from it and grew into a more advanced stage of development. Introduction. “The breadth of Thoreau’s appeal is enormous.”2 His major works include Walden3 and Civil Disobedience3. 58. ibid, page 23

In "Economy," he presents the details of his simple, efficient, self-reliant life at Walden Pond, calculating the costs of shelter, food, clothing, and other necessities to the half penny.

Instead, nineteenth-century man had found himself in conflict with the economic forces he had praised at the turn of the century. Learn and understand all of the themes found in Walden, such as Self-Reliance. Thoreau writes that Walden was dead, and is now alive again. I say, let your affairs be as two or three, and not a hundred or a thousand; instead of a million count half a dozen, and keep your accounts on your thumb nail."

11. ibid, page 7 Thoreau considers man's dual nature — animal and spiritual — in "Higher Laws."

He is both stout and a "great consumer of meat."

. He is deliberate and unhurried in his actions, good at his work, quiet, solitary, and happy. There are seasons in the development of individual men and mankind as a whole, as well as in nature.

36. ibid, page 24 The narrator expresses optimism and anxiety at different phases of his spiritual journey. Thoreau held further that “men labor under a mistake”54 because they had actually chosen to live the way they did, and honestly thought there was no alternative. The slave had been reduced to a component in production process at the same time, like a machine: “I hardly need refer now to the laborers in our Southern States who produce the staple exports of this country, and are themselves a staple production of the South.”36.

We tend to "esteem truth remote, in the outskirts of the system, behind the farthest star."

But, as the author writes in "Where I Lived, and What I Lived For": .

In "Where I Lived, and What I Lived For," Thoreau urges, "Simplicity, simplicity, simplicity! It is the work of a brave man surely. 14. ibid, page 9 22. ibid, page 27

Field cannot decide whether he wants to go fishing. . Thoreau is fascinated by simple men who live close to nature, and particularly by the French Canadian woodchopper (Alek Therien, unnamed in Walden).

It represents the reality of nature, an expression of the divine, human potential for clear perception and understanding, and the mystery of the universe, which, although vast, may nevertheless be approached and understood.

concealed even under what are called the games and amusements of mankind." It focuses on … .



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