sasanian empire

La monée des Sassanides. This might have been also aided by Armenian and Roman agents who were unhappy about his intervention in Armenia and had previously changed the relationship between him and Manuel. Imperial Investments and Agricultural Developments in Parthian and Sassanian Khūzestān, 150 B.C. His successes in the central and western regions of the Iranian plateau was followed by a series of conquests in the east, essentially establishing his control over Sistan/Sakistan, Makran (southeastern Iran and southwestern Pakistan) and northeast to Marv. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 1982. Karin Bartl and Stefan R. Hauser, 87-123, Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag, 1996. Rome and Persia at War, 502-532, Leeds: Francis Cairns, 1998. It also seems to have provided a basis for future campaigns concerned with Rome, a theme which came to play an important role in the Sasanian history in general. However, his throne was left open to his two remaining sons, Shapur the King of Armenia and Wahram, who according to the legends was raised by the Arab king of Hira in southern Mesopotamia. Thus Shapur II was king since the moment of his birth in 309 CE. Zāmāsp peacefully abdicated the throne, allowing Kavād to return. This period of Roman and Sasanian protectorate eventually resulted in the partition of Armenia and the creation of two client kingdoms in the fifth century. Islamic historians tell us that a certain Sāsān, the “priest” of the temple of Anahita in Istaxr (the tradition capital of the province of Persis/Fārs) was the founder of the family. More importantly, it is under their rule that the ancient idea of Ērānšahr, a realm of the Iranians, gained a real physical and geographical meaning and thus formed the territorial basis for the largely socio-cultural idea of Iran which proved to be quite successful and pervasive in the medieval and early modern history of West and Central Asia. In the meantime, Wahrām crowned himself Wahrām VI and minted coins in Ctesiphon and Rayy. Again, not being a member of the Sasanian dynasty, this was an unusual act that shows the changing attitude of the time. “Diplomacy and War in the Relations between Byzantium and the Sassanids in the Fifth Century AD.” In The Defence of the Roman and Byzantine East. At the same time, the internal politics of Yemen and the its struggle to throw off the Ethiopian yoke allowed for Khosrow’s intervention in the form of a conquest by his commander Vahriz in 570. Islam 13 (1990): 1–14. ), something that has also been suggested by a few scholars. In the west, he made some initial attempts at capturing Armenia which was successfully repelled by the Arsacid kings there, who for a while acted as the last remnants of Arsacid power in the region and must have offered asylum to various Arsacid princes and pretenders. The rebellion of Wistahm was also quickly crushed and he, along with his brother Bindoē, was executed, allowing Khosrow to focus his attention elsewhere. The Cambridge History of Iran. Wahrām’s crushing defeat of the Turks made him quite popular in the empire, reportedly to the anger of Hormizd himself who planned to remove Wahrām as the commander of the army. [12], Frae Wikipedia, the free beuk o knawledge, The Sasanian Empire at its greatest extent, unner, http://books.google.dk/books?id=sP_hVmik-QYC&pg=PA179&dq=encyclopedia+islam+khusraw&hl=da&sa=X&ei=B-LGUsf8DYnR4QT-loGgBg&ved=0CEcQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=encyclopedia%20islam%20khusraw&f=false, https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sasanian_Empire&oldid=807934, Airticles conteenin Middle Persian-leid text, Pages uisin collapsible list wi both background an text-align in titlestyle, Pages that wis written by a body that's mither tongue isna Scots, Pages uisin infobox kintra wi unkent parameters, Pages uisin infobox kintra or infobox umwhile kintra wi the flag caption or type parameters, Pages uisin infobox kintra or infobox umwhile kintra wi the symbol caption or type parameters, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Wahram’s success in defense of his empire, as well as the romantic stories of his reign, is probably the best indications of the prosperity of the period of his rule. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1959. Turning his attention towards Mesopotamia again, in 359 and 360, Shapur captured Amida and Singara and controlled much of what was lost by Narseh’s treaty to the Romans. This time, another daughter of Khosrow II, Azarmigduxt, was raised to the throne. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2003. We have no indication of any further hostilities, either in the west or the east under the reign of Shapur III. Sasanian remains from Qasr-i Abu Nasr; Seals, Sealings, and Coins. The right direction has at least one precedence in the coinage of Persis, where Autophradates I (Vādfradād) also has a bust looking to the right. Shapur was replaced in 388 CE by Wahram IV, in an apparently peaceful manner. While initially successful, the Hephthalites were eventually defeated and turned back to their steppe homeland by Wahram V, although in the long run, this proved to be temporary. A series of reforms, often attributed to Kavad’s successor Khosrow I, probably started in this period. Ancient Persia: from 550 BC to 650 AD. Daryaee, Touraj, Soqūṭ-e Sāsāniān, Tehrān: Nāshr-e Tārikh-e Iran, 2005. By 608, Sasanian troops were in western Anatolia. Huyse, Philip. Brown, Peter. We have no reason to believe that Ardashir in fact had such ideological approach to the conquests and he might have been simply motivated by an attempt to limit Roman imperialism in the region. Paris : Association pour l’Avancement des Études Iraniennes, 1987. Wahram’s successor was his son, Yazdgerd I (399-421), known on his coins as rāmšahr, “the one who brings peace to the domain”. Throughout the more than 400 years of Sasanian rule, its King of Kings (the official title of the Sasanian emperor) often had to deal with many other external threats who, like the Hephthalites, did not take the shape of traditional enemies such as the Romans. The problem is largely the question of who his father was, since if he was a son of Hormizd II, and if we are to believe the story of Shapur’s birth after the death of his father, then Ardashir should necessarily have been older than Shapur, and probably over 70 years old at the time of his succession to the throne. This is often the cause of confusion in coinage, as no coins have been confidently attributed to Wahram III, and it seems that all the new types not following the coins of Wahram II belong to Narseh instead, rendering Wahram III a king who minted no coins. In 620, Khosrow II was in control of all of west Asia and eastern Mediterranean and seemed invincible. This was most likely not a definitive defeat of the nomadic Huns, since at least another group of them, led by a king who had previously minted coins in Sogdiana under the name Kidara, were soon in control of Bactria. This Person might have been named Gocihr/Gozihr, a member of the Bazrangid house who had ruled Persis for over a century and whose coins are now available to us. However, in 488, Kavād, the other son of Pērōz, arrived in Ctesiphon at the helm of a Hephthalite army sent to support his claim to the Sasanian throne. Hoyland, Robert G. Seeing Islam as Others Saw it: A Survey and Evaluation of Christian, Jewish, and Zoroastrian Writings on Early Islam. This inscription is indeed our most significant “native” and contemporary source for early Sasanian history, as well as the administrative and social conditions of the empire. His capabilities as a commander were soon proven in his early campaigns against Rome. The terms of treaty were indeed hard for the Sasanians and must have caused the King of Kings some degree of embarrassment. The Sasanian Empire (/səˈsɑːnɪən/ or /səˈseɪnɪən/; cried Sassanian, Sasanid, or Sassanid an aa) or Neo-Persian Empire,[9] kent tae its indwallers as Ērānshahr[1] an Ērān in Middle Persie an resultin in the New Persie terms Iranshahr an Iran,[10] wis the last Iranian empire afore the rise o Islam, ruled bi the Sasanian dynasty frae 224 CE tae 651 CE. He was also highly opposed by his brother Pērōz who finally defeated and killed him in 459 and replaced him on the throne. Millar, Fergus. I, Part. Göbl, Robert. The lasting heritage of the Sasanian empire is the Avesta, the holy book of Zoroastrianism. A native of southern Mesopotamia and descendent of a Parthian family, Mani was raised in a Gnostic environment and sometimes in the 240’s, brought a religion which seems to have had an equal dosage of Gnostic Christianity and Zoroastrianism, the religion most associate with the Sasanian state. He was elevated to the throne by some nobles, probably in Persis, but the uncertain state of affairs regarding the Roman incursions in the west and the situation in Armenia drove others towards Narseh, the third son of Shapur I. The Making of Late Antiquity, Cambridge, Mass. This was put down by Pērōz’s commanders, allowing him to embark upon another campaign against the Hephthalites. The peace that was concluded in 562 was surely desired by both powers. (1997): 189-269. Valerian himself and many of his officers were captured by Shapur and carried off to Iran, probably to Khuzistan. The defeats and the payment of tribute to the Hephthalites, as well as the cost of fresh wars had probably drained the Sasanian treasury. Threatening Bactria, the Turks were met by Wahrām Cōbin, a nobleman of the Mihran family whose members had for long played an important role in the administrative and imperial life of Iran. But a deeper investigation of the sources can show us that quite naturally, the Sasanian administrative system, like any other aspect of the imperial identity, was an evolving concept. “Sāsānids,” The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1998. In turn, the incoming Western Turks were advancing southwards toward Sogdiana and by this time must have threatened the Chach area. This, along with the direct annexation of eastern Arabia marked the greatest penetration of the Sasanians into the Arabian Peninsula. Ardashir’s involvement in the wars of Shapur, however, seems certain and might have had something to do with his succession to Shapur’s throne. Princeton, NJ: Darwin Press, 1995. He was however killed by his own troops before reaching Antioch (363 CE), although his dead body is visible under the hoof of Shapur’s horse in a relief in Bishapur. The end result seems to have been a strong reaction from the Zoroastrian priestly establishment and an attempt at the annihilation of the Mazdakites. Schippmann, Klaus, Grundzüge der Geschichte des Sasanidischen Reiches, Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1990. In any case, Wahram’s reign coincided with another round of troubles in Armenia, resulting from the actions of Khosrov III, the ruler of Persarmenia who asked for the support of Theodosios I in his attempt to break free of Sasanian suzerainty. Shapur also tried to restore Zoroastrianism to Armenia, an attempt that was mostly unsuccessful and made him quite unpopular in Armenia. He was, however, killed in 651, by a miller, but most likely as result of a conspiracy by the local ruler of Khorāsān, a man named Māhūyeh.

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