Peru contested Ecuador's claims with the newly discovered Real Cedula of 1802, by which Peru claims the King of Spain had transferred these lands from the Viceroyalty of New Granada to the Viceroyalty of Peru. [115], Another perk that draws many expats to Ecuador is its low cost of living. There is a rainy season in this region, which occurs between December and April. The valley of Guayllabamba River where Quito lies is flanked by volcanoes, some of them snow-capped, and visible from the city on a clear day. The country has four main geographic regions: Ecuador's capital is Quito, which is in the province of Pichincha in the Sierra region. As head of state and chief government official, he is responsible for public administration including the appointing of national coordinators, ministers, ministers of State and public servants. The Transparency and Social Control consists of the Council of Citizen Participation and Social Control, an ombudsman, the Comptroller General of the State, and the superintendents. Although well-equipped general hospitals are found in the major cities or capitals of provinces, there are basic hospitals in the smaller towns and canton cities for family care consultation and treatments in pediatrics, gynecology, clinical medicine, and surgery. Given its geographical location and rugged topography, Ecuador is a highly vulnerable country to impacts of climate change (UNFCCC First National Communication, Quito, 2000). -, This page was last edited on 1 December 2020, at 08:24. Ecuador's Amerindian communities are integrated into the mainstream culture to varying degrees,[117] but some may also practice their own native cultures, particularly the more remote Amerindian communities of the Amazon basin. The Amerindian people of Tigua, Ecuador, are also world-renowned[citation needed] for their traditional paintings. The Putumayo forms part of the border with Colombia. The Liberal Revolution of 1895 under Eloy Alfaro reduced the power of the clergy and the conservative land owners. Its political and military power came under the rule of the Duchicela blood-line. Ecuador has negotiated bilateral treaties with other countries, besides belonging to the Andean Community of Nations,[90] and an associate member of Mercosur. According to their own estimates, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints accounts for about 1.4% of the population, or 211,165 members at the end of 2012. Its main body is the National Electoral Council, which is based in the city of Quito, and consists of seven members of the political parties most voted, enjoying complete financial and administrative autonomy. In 1532, a small band of Spaniards headed by Francisco Pizarro landed in Tumbez and marched over the Andes Mountains until they reached Cajamarca, where the new Inca Atahualpa was to hold an interview with them. It has around 1640 kinds of birds. In 2008, the government introduced universal and compulsory social security coverage. Other training academies for different military specialties are found across the country. The average temperature annually is 64 °F (17.8 °C). More rigorously, it denotes the mean and variability of meteorological variables over a time spanning from months to millions of years. Ecuador is governed by a democratically elected president, for a four-year term. Peru began its de facto occupation of disputed Amazonian territories, after it signed a secret 1851 peace treaty in favor of Brazil. Since 1936, voting is compulsory for all literate persons aged 18–65, optional for all other citizens.[40]. [95][96] See also; References; External links; Ecuador map of Köppen climate classification. The trade balance with Argentina, Colombia, and Asia is negative.[83]. Surfing in Ecuador is very popular because of the year-round steady climate. Ecuador's population is ethnically diverse and the 2018 estimates put Ecuador's population at 17,084,358. The population has been motivated by government failures to deliver on promises of land reform, lower unemployment and provision of social services, and historical exploitation by the land-holding elite. The Community has a Jewish Center with a synagogue, a country club, and a cemetery. [23] Between 2006 and 2016, poverty decreased from 36.7% to 22.5% and annual per capita GDP growth was 1.5 percent (as compared to 0.6 percent over the prior two decades). Although the new government lasted no more than two months, it had important repercussions and was an inspiration for the independence movement of the rest of Spanish America. Because of global warming glacier Carihuairazo has already lost 96% of the its glacier surface. This defeat led to the signing of the Treaty of Guayaquil dated September 22, 1829, whereby Peru and its Congress recognized Gran Colombian rights over Tumbes, Jaen, and Maynas. Also, the Cauca region, which included such cities as Pasto, Popayán, and Buenaventura, had always been dependent on the Presidencia or Audiencia of Quito. In January 2009, the Central Bank of Ecuador (BCE) put the 2010 growth forecast at 6.88%. All of these rivers flow into the Amazon River. Poverty's down about 27 percent since he took office." In the professional realm, a terminal degree granted by an accredited institution automatically provides a professional license to the individual. Most regions in Ecuador follow the traditional three-course meal of soup, a course that includes rice and a protein, and then dessert and coffee to finish. The roads of Ecuador in recent years have undergone important improvement. Ecuador rejected the recommendation on decriminalization of libel. The climate of Ecuador varies by region, due to differences in elevation and, to a degree, in proximity to the equator. Eventually, through wars and marriage alliances of their leaders, a group of nations formed confederations. The Napo ranges in width from 500 to 1,800 m (1,640 to 5,906 ft). Seeing that his officers were rebelling, mutinying, and changing sides, President Flores had no option but to reluctantly make peace with New Granada. The first president of Ecuador was the Venezuelan-born Juan José Flores, who was ultimately deposed, followed by several authoritarian leaders, such as Vicente Rocafuerte; José Joaquín de Olmedo; José María Urbina; Diego Noboa; Pedro José de Arteta; Manuel de Ascásubi; and Flores's own son, Antonio Flores Jijón, among others. Ecuador lies directly on the equator, so the entire country enjoys 12 hours of direct equatorial daylight 365 days a year. As a result, Inca expansion into the Amazon Basin and the Pacific coast of Ecuador was hampered. When the Incas arrived, they found that these confederations were so developed that it took the Incas two generations of rulers—Topa Inca Yupanqui and Huayna Capac—to absorb them into the Inca Empire. The acting president's wife receives the title of First Lady of Ecuador. A few months later, a part of the Peruvian liberation army of San Martin decided to occupy the independent cities of Tumbez and Jaén with the intention of using these towns as springboards to occupy the independent city of Guayaquil and then to liberate the rest of the Audiencia de Quito (Ecuador). The Peruvian Navy blocked the port of Guayaquil, almost cutting all supplies to the Ecuadorian troops. The current structure of the Ecuadorian public health care system dates back to 1967. The legacy of both empires is reflected in Ecuador's ethnically diverse population, with most of its 17.1 million people being mestizos, followed by large minorities of European, Native American, and African descendants. At the same time, the country's Gini index of economic inequality decreased from 0.55 to 0.47.[24]. Glacier shrinkage is a natural phenomenon that has existed; however, in the last 20 years climate change has exacerbated shrinkage. [46], The International Organization for Migration lauds Ecuador as the first state to have established the promotion of the concept of universal citizenship in its constitution, aiming to promote the universal recognition and protection of the human rights of migrants. Later, a brief war erupted between Colombia and Peru, over Peru's claims to the Caquetá region, which ended with Peru reluctantly signing the Salomon-Lozano Treaty on March 24, 1922. The current constitution was written by the Ecuadorian Constituent Assembly elected in 2007, and was approved by referendum in 2008. Across the vast Amazon area to the east, the climate is equatorial as well. One of the points of conflict was the imposition of obtaining foreign degrees to current academicians. bounded on the west by the Pacific Ocean, and has 2,337 km (1,452 mi) of coastline. Bolivar countered by sending a message from Guayaquil welcoming San Martin and his troops to Colombian soil. The weather in Quito is consistent with that of a subtropical highland climate. Due to this change, there are many highly educated professionals and academicians under the old structure but estimated that only 87% of the faculty in public universities have already obtained a master's degree, and fewer than 5% have a PhD (although many of them already have Ecuadorian-granted doctorate degrees). The best time of year to visit Mindo in Ecuador. The Treaty of Pasto of 1832 was signed by which the Department of Cauca was turned over to New Granada (modern Colombia), the government of Bogotá recognized Ecuador as an independent country and the border was to follow the Ley de División Territorial de la República de Colombia (Law of the Division of Territory of the Gran Colombia) passed on June 25, 1824. During this time, you should expect torrential downpours to disrupt your day! One of the most traditional forms of dancing in Ecuador is Sanjuanito. Rodrigo Borja Cevallos of the Democratic Left (Izquierda Democrática, or ID) party won the presidency in 1988, running in the runoff election against Abdalá Bucaram (brother in law of Jaime Roldos and founder of the Ecuadorian Roldosist Party). The emergence of the Amerindian population as an active constituency has added to the democratic volatility of the country in recent years. Its capital Quito is located only 15 miles (25 km) from a latitude of 0 degrees. Some of the meteorological variables that are commonly measured are temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, and precipitation. [79] The oil trade balance positive had revenues of $3.295 million in 2008, while non-oil was negative, amounting to $2.842 million. Ecuador abolished slavery and freed its black slaves in 1851.[27]. As a general rule, small elements of zambos and mulattoes coexisted among the overwhelming mestizo population of coastal Ecuador throughout its history as gold miners in Loja, Zaruma, and Zamora and as shipbuilders and plantation workers around the city of Guayaquil. Since everything from gas to groceries costs far less than in North America, it is a popular choice for those who are looking to make the most of their retirement budget.[116]. [132], Community health care centers (Centros de Salud) are found inside metropolitan areas of cities and in rural areas. 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